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New page: A key element of gaining proficiency in any programming language involves the ability to work with files and file systems. The level of difficulty in working files various from very easy t...
A key element of gaining proficiency in any programming language involves the ability to work with files and file systems. The level of difficulty in working files various from very easy to hard, depending on the programming language concerned. The C programming language, on which Objective-C is based, tended to make file handling a little hard relative to the standards of today's programmer friendly object oriented languages. The good news for Objective-C developers is that the Foundation Framework includes a number of classes designed specifically to make the task of working with files and directories as straightforward as possible. In this chapter we will look at these classes and provide examples of how use them to perform some basic file and directory operations from within an Objective-C program.
== The Objective-C NSFileManager, NSFileHandle and NSData Classes ==
The Foundation Framework provides three classes that are indispensable when it comes to working with files and directories:
* '''NSFileManager''' - The ''NSFileManager'' class can be used to perform basic file and directory operations such as creating, moving, reading and writing files and reading and setting file attributes. In addition, this class provides methods for, amongst other tasks, identifying the current working directory, changing to a new directory, creating directories and listing the contents of a directory.
* '''NSFileHandle''' - The ''NSFileHandle'' class is provided for performing lower level operations on files, such as seeking to a specific position in a file and reading and writing a file's contents by a specified number of byte chunks and appending data to an existing file.
* '''NSData''' - The ''NSData'' class provides a useful storage buffer into which the contents of a file may be read, or from a which data may be written to a file.
== Understanding Pathnames in Objective-C ==
When using the above classes, pathnames are defined using the UNIX convention. As such each component of a path is separated by a forward slash (/). Paths that do not begin with slash are interpreted to be relative to a current working directory. For example, the current working directory is ''/home/objc'' and the path name is ''myapp/example.m'' then the file is considered to have a full pathname of ''/home/objc/myapp/example.m''.
In addition, the home directory of the current user can be represented using the tilde (~) character. For example the pathname ''~/example.m'' references a file named ''example.m'' located in the home directory of the current user. the home directory of another user may be reference by prefixing the user name with a ~. For example, ''~john/demo.m'' references a file located in the home directory of a user named ''john''.
== Creating an NSFileManager Instance Object ==
The NSFileManager class contains a class method named ''defaultManager'' that is used to create an instance of the class:
<pre>
NSFileManager *filemgr;
filemgr = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
</pre>
In the above example we have declared a variable named ''filemgr''to point to an object of type NSFileManager, and then created an object of that type using the NSFileManager ;;defaultManager'' class methods and assigned it to the variable. Having created the object we can begin to use it to work with files and directories.
== Identifying the Current Working Directory ==
The current working directory may be identified using the ''currentDirectoryPath'' instance method of our NSFileManager object. The current path is returned from the method in the form of a NSString object:
<pre>
NSFileManager *filemgr;
NSString *currentpath;
filemgr = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
currentpath = [filemgr currentDirectoryPath];
NSLog (@"Current directory is %@", currentpath);
</pre>
== Changing to a Different Directory ==
The current working directory of a running Objective-C program can be changed with a call to the ''changeCurrentDirectoryPath'' method. The destination directory path is passed as an argument to the instance method in the form of an NSString object. Note that this methods returns a boolean ''YES'' or ''NO'' result to indicate if the requested directory change was successful for not:
<pre>
NSFileManager *filemgr;
NSString *currentpath;
filemgr = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
currentpath = [filemgr currentDirectoryPath];
NSLog (@"Current directory is %@", currentpath);
if ([filemgr changeCurrentDirectoryPath: @"/temp/mydir"] == NO)
NSLog (@"Cannot change directory.");
currentpath = [filemgr currentDirectoryPath];
NSLog (@"Current directory is %@", currentpath);
</pre>
== Creating a New Directory ==
A new directory is created using the ''createDirectoryAtPath'' instance method, once again passing through the pathname of the new directory as an argument and returning a boolean success or failure result. This method also takes an additional arguments in the form a set of attributes for the new directory. Specifying ''nil'' will use the default attributes:
<pre>
NSFileManager *filemgr;
NSString *currentpath;
filemgr = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
[filemgr createDirectoryAtPath: @"/tmp/mynewdir" attributes: nil];
</pre>
== Deleting a Directory ==
An existing directory may be removed from the file system using the ''removeFileAtPath'' method, passing though the path of the directory to be removed as an argument:
<pre>
NSFileManager *filemgr;
NSString *currentpath;
filemgr = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
[filemgr removeFileAtPath: @"/tmp/mynewdir" handler: nil];
</pre>
== Renaming or Moving a Directory ==
An existing directory may be moved (also known as renaming) using the ''movePath'' method. This methods takes the source and destination pathnames as arguments and requires that the destination directory not already exist. If the target directory exists, a boolean NO result is returned by the method to indicate failure of the operation:
<pre>
NSFileManager *filemgr;
NSString *currentpath;
filemgr = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
[filemgr movePath: @"/tmp/mynewdir" toPath: @"/tmp/mynewdir2" handler: nil];
</pre>
== Getting a Directory File Listing ==
A listing of the files contained within a specified directory can be obtained using the ''directoryContentsAtpath'' method. This methods takes the directory pathname as an argument and returns an NSArray object containing the names of the files in that directory:
<pre>
NSFileManager *filemgr;
NSString *currentpath;
NSArray *filelist;
int count;
int i;
filemgr = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
filelist = [filemgr directoryContentsAtPath: @"/tmp"];
count = [filelist count];
for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
NSLog (@"%@", [filelist objectAtIndex: i]);
</pre>
When executed as part of a program, the above code excerpt will display a listing of all the files located in the ''/tmp'' directory.
== Getting the Attributes of a Directory ==
== The Objective-C NSFileManager, NSFileHandle and NSData Classes ==
The Foundation Framework provides three classes that are indispensable when it comes to working with files and directories:
* '''NSFileManager''' - The ''NSFileManager'' class can be used to perform basic file and directory operations such as creating, moving, reading and writing files and reading and setting file attributes. In addition, this class provides methods for, amongst other tasks, identifying the current working directory, changing to a new directory, creating directories and listing the contents of a directory.
* '''NSFileHandle''' - The ''NSFileHandle'' class is provided for performing lower level operations on files, such as seeking to a specific position in a file and reading and writing a file's contents by a specified number of byte chunks and appending data to an existing file.
* '''NSData''' - The ''NSData'' class provides a useful storage buffer into which the contents of a file may be read, or from a which data may be written to a file.
== Understanding Pathnames in Objective-C ==
When using the above classes, pathnames are defined using the UNIX convention. As such each component of a path is separated by a forward slash (/). Paths that do not begin with slash are interpreted to be relative to a current working directory. For example, the current working directory is ''/home/objc'' and the path name is ''myapp/example.m'' then the file is considered to have a full pathname of ''/home/objc/myapp/example.m''.
In addition, the home directory of the current user can be represented using the tilde (~) character. For example the pathname ''~/example.m'' references a file named ''example.m'' located in the home directory of the current user. the home directory of another user may be reference by prefixing the user name with a ~. For example, ''~john/demo.m'' references a file located in the home directory of a user named ''john''.
== Creating an NSFileManager Instance Object ==
The NSFileManager class contains a class method named ''defaultManager'' that is used to create an instance of the class:
<pre>
NSFileManager *filemgr;
filemgr = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
</pre>
In the above example we have declared a variable named ''filemgr''to point to an object of type NSFileManager, and then created an object of that type using the NSFileManager ;;defaultManager'' class methods and assigned it to the variable. Having created the object we can begin to use it to work with files and directories.
== Identifying the Current Working Directory ==
The current working directory may be identified using the ''currentDirectoryPath'' instance method of our NSFileManager object. The current path is returned from the method in the form of a NSString object:
<pre>
NSFileManager *filemgr;
NSString *currentpath;
filemgr = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
currentpath = [filemgr currentDirectoryPath];
NSLog (@"Current directory is %@", currentpath);
</pre>
== Changing to a Different Directory ==
The current working directory of a running Objective-C program can be changed with a call to the ''changeCurrentDirectoryPath'' method. The destination directory path is passed as an argument to the instance method in the form of an NSString object. Note that this methods returns a boolean ''YES'' or ''NO'' result to indicate if the requested directory change was successful for not:
<pre>
NSFileManager *filemgr;
NSString *currentpath;
filemgr = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
currentpath = [filemgr currentDirectoryPath];
NSLog (@"Current directory is %@", currentpath);
if ([filemgr changeCurrentDirectoryPath: @"/temp/mydir"] == NO)
NSLog (@"Cannot change directory.");
currentpath = [filemgr currentDirectoryPath];
NSLog (@"Current directory is %@", currentpath);
</pre>
== Creating a New Directory ==
A new directory is created using the ''createDirectoryAtPath'' instance method, once again passing through the pathname of the new directory as an argument and returning a boolean success or failure result. This method also takes an additional arguments in the form a set of attributes for the new directory. Specifying ''nil'' will use the default attributes:
<pre>
NSFileManager *filemgr;
NSString *currentpath;
filemgr = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
[filemgr createDirectoryAtPath: @"/tmp/mynewdir" attributes: nil];
</pre>
== Deleting a Directory ==
An existing directory may be removed from the file system using the ''removeFileAtPath'' method, passing though the path of the directory to be removed as an argument:
<pre>
NSFileManager *filemgr;
NSString *currentpath;
filemgr = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
[filemgr removeFileAtPath: @"/tmp/mynewdir" handler: nil];
</pre>
== Renaming or Moving a Directory ==
An existing directory may be moved (also known as renaming) using the ''movePath'' method. This methods takes the source and destination pathnames as arguments and requires that the destination directory not already exist. If the target directory exists, a boolean NO result is returned by the method to indicate failure of the operation:
<pre>
NSFileManager *filemgr;
NSString *currentpath;
filemgr = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
[filemgr movePath: @"/tmp/mynewdir" toPath: @"/tmp/mynewdir2" handler: nil];
</pre>
== Getting a Directory File Listing ==
A listing of the files contained within a specified directory can be obtained using the ''directoryContentsAtpath'' method. This methods takes the directory pathname as an argument and returns an NSArray object containing the names of the files in that directory:
<pre>
NSFileManager *filemgr;
NSString *currentpath;
NSArray *filelist;
int count;
int i;
filemgr = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
filelist = [filemgr directoryContentsAtPath: @"/tmp"];
count = [filelist count];
for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
NSLog (@"%@", [filelist objectAtIndex: i]);
</pre>
When executed as part of a program, the above code excerpt will display a listing of all the files located in the ''/tmp'' directory.
== Getting the Attributes of a Directory ==
