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New page: Just like all other versions of Windows, Windows Server 2008 provides the user with the option to execute commands from a command-prompt window. This chapter of [[Windows Server 2008 Essen...
Just like all other versions of Windows, Windows Server 2008 provides the user with the option to execute commands from a command-prompt window. This chapter of [[Windows Server 2008 Essentials]] is intended to provide an overview of the different commands currently provided in the command-prompt.
== Accessing the Command Window ==
On an installed and running system the Windows command-prompt window may be accessed from the main panel of the ''Start'' menu. The command-prompt may also be accessed during the Windows Server 2008 installation process by pressing ''Shift+F10'' at any point before the actual installation process begins (i.e the point at which the ''Setup' program starts copying files.
== Windows Server 2008 Command-line Tool Summary ==
The following table provides a list of each command line tool together with a brief explanation:
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" id="E3B" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-color:#cccccc; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; margin-bottom:20px">
<tr bgcolor="#cccccc" style="color:black" valign="top">
<th>Command</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arp</td><td>Display and modify the IP to physical address translation tables used by the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Assoc</td><td>Display and modify file extension associations.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Attrib</td><td>Display and change file attributes.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Break</td><td>Configure extended Ctrl-C checking.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bcdedit</td><td>Configure properties in name database to control boot loading.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Cacls</td><td>Display or modify access control lists of files.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Call</td><td>Call a script or script label as a procedure.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>CD/Chdir</td><td>Display the name of or changes the current directory.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chcp</td><td>Display or set the active code page number.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Chkdsk</td><td>Check a disk for errors and display a report.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chkntfs</td><td>Display the status of volumes. Set or exclude volumes from automatic system checking during system boot.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Choice</td><td>Create a selection list from which users can select a choice in batch scripts.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cls</td><td>Clear the console window.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Cmd</td><td>Start a new instance of the Windows command shell.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Color</td><td>Set the colors of the command-shell window.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Comp</td><td>Compare the contents of two files or sets of files.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Compact</td><td>Display or modify the compression of files or sets of files.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Convert</td><td>Convert FAT volumes to NTFS.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Copy</td><td>Copy or combine files.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Date</td><td>Display or set the system date.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Del</td><td>Delete one or more files.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Dir</td><td>Display a list of files and subdirectories within a directory.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Diskcomp</td><td>Compare the contents of two floppy disks.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Diskcopy</td><td>Copy the contents of one floppy disk to another.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Diskpart</td><td>Invoke a text-mode command interpreter so that you can manage disks, partitions, and volumes using a separate command prompt and commands that are internal to Diskpart.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Doskey</td><td>Edit command lines, recall Windows commands, and create macros.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Driverquery</td><td>Display the current device driver properties and status.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Echo</td><td>Display messages, or turns command echoing on or off.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Endlocal</td><td>End localization of environment changes in a batch file.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Erase</td><td>See Del.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Exit</td><td>Exit the command interpreter.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Expand</td><td>Uncompress files.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FC</td><td>Compare two files and display the differences between them.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Find/Findstr</td><td>Search for a text string in files.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>For</td><td>Run a specified command for each file in a set of files.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Format</td><td>Format a floppy disk or hard drive.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fsutil</td><td>File system utility - displays and configures file system properties.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Ftp</td><td>Transfer files.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ftype</td><td>Display or modify file types used in file extension associations</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Goto</td><td>Direct the Windows command interpreter to a labeled line in a script.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Gpresult</td><td>Display Group Policy information for a machine or user.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Graftabl</td><td>Enable Windows to display extended character sets in graphics mode.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Help</td><td>Display Help information for Windows commands.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Hostname</td><td>Display the computer name.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ICACLS</td><td>Display, modify, backup, and restore ACLs for files and directories.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>IF</td><td>Perform conditional processing in batch programs.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ipconfig</td><td>Display TCP/IP configuration.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Label</td><td>Create, change, or delete the volume label of a disk.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Md/Mkdir</td><td>Create a directory or subdirectory.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Mklink</td><td>Create symbolic and hard links.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mode</td><td>Configure a system device.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>More</td><td>Display output one screen at a time.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mountvol</td><td>Manage a volume mount point.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Move</td><td>Move files from one directory to another directory on the same drive.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Openfiles</td><td>Display files opened by remote users for a file share.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Nbtstat</td><td>Display status of NetBIOS.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net Accounts</td><td>Manage user account and password policies.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Net Computer</td><td>Add or remove computers from a domain.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net Config Server</td><td>Display or modify configuration of Server service.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Net Config Workstation</td><td>Display or modify configuration of Workstation service.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net Continue</td><td>Resume a paused service.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Net File</td><td>Display or manage open files on a server.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net Group</td><td>Display or manage global groups.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Net Localgroup</td><td>Display or manage local group accounts.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net Pause</td><td>Suspend a service.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Net Print</td><td>Display or manage print jobs and shared queues.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net Session</td><td>List or disconnect sessions.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Net Share</td><td>Display or manage shared printers and directories.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net Start</td><td>List or start network services.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Net Statistics</td><td>Display workstation and server statistics.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net Stop</td><td>Stop services.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Net Time</td><td>Display or synchronize network time.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net Use</td><td>Display or manage remote connections.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Net User</td><td>Display or manage local user accounts.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net View</td><td>Display network resources or computers.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Netsh</td><td>Invoke a separate command prompt that allows you to manage the configuration of various network services on local and remote computers.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Netstat</td><td>Display status of network connections.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Path</td><td>Display or set a search path for executable files in the current command window.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pathping</td><td>Trace routes and provides packet loss information.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Pause</td><td>Suspend processing of a script and wait for keyboard input.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ping</td><td>Determine if a network connection can be established.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Popd</td><td>Change to the directory stored by Pushd.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Print</td><td>Print a text file.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Prompt</td><td>Change the Windows command prompt.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pushd</td><td>Save the current directory then changes to a new directory.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Rd/Rmdir</td><td>Remove a directory.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Recover</td><td>Recover readable information from a bad or defective disk.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Reg Add</td><td>Add a new subkey or entry to the Registry.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Reg Compare</td><td>Compare Registry subkeys or entries.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Reg Copy</td><td>Copy a Registry entry to a specified key path on a local or remote system.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Reg Delete</td><td>Delete a subkey or entries from the Registry.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Reg Query</td><td>List the entries under a key and the names of subkeys (if any).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Reg Restore</td><td>Write saved subkeys and entries back to the Registry.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Reg Save</td><td>Save a copy of specified subkeys, entries, and values to a file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Regsvr32</td><td>Register and unregister DLLs.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Rem</td><td>Add comments to scripts.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ren</td><td>Rename a file.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Replace</td><td>Replace a file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Route</td><td>Manage network routing tables.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Rmdir</td><td>Remove a directory.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Set</td><td>Display or modify Windows environment variables. Also used to evaluate numeric expressions at the command line.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Setlocal</td><td>Begin localization of environment changes in a batch file.</td>
<tr>
<td>Sc</td><td>Display and configure background processes (services).</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Schtasks</td><td>Schedule commands and programs to run on a system.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sfc</td><td>Scans and verifies protected operating system files.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Shift</td><td>Shifts the position of replaceable parameters in scripts.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shutdown</td><td>Perform system shutdown.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Sort</td><td>Sort input.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Start</td><td>Start a new command-shell window to run a specified program or command.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Subst</td><td>Maps a path to a drive letter.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Systeminfo</td><td>Display machine properties and configuration.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Tasklist</td><td>Display currently running tasks and services.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Taskkill</td><td>Kill or stop a running process or application.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Time</td><td>Display or sets the system time.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Title</td><td>Sets the title for the command-shell window.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Tracert</td><td>Display the path between computers.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tree</td><td>Graphically displays the directory structure of a drive or path.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Type</td><td>Display the contents of a text file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ver</td><td>Display the Windows version.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Verify</td><td>Tells Windows whether to verify that your files are written correctly to a disk.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Vol</td><td>Display a disk volume label and serial number.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Xcopy</td><td>Copy files and directories.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>WMI</td><td>Display WMI information.</td>
</tr>
</table>
== Accessing the Command Window ==
On an installed and running system the Windows command-prompt window may be accessed from the main panel of the ''Start'' menu. The command-prompt may also be accessed during the Windows Server 2008 installation process by pressing ''Shift+F10'' at any point before the actual installation process begins (i.e the point at which the ''Setup' program starts copying files.
== Windows Server 2008 Command-line Tool Summary ==
The following table provides a list of each command line tool together with a brief explanation:
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" id="E3B" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-color:#cccccc; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; margin-bottom:20px">
<tr bgcolor="#cccccc" style="color:black" valign="top">
<th>Command</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arp</td><td>Display and modify the IP to physical address translation tables used by the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Assoc</td><td>Display and modify file extension associations.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Attrib</td><td>Display and change file attributes.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Break</td><td>Configure extended Ctrl-C checking.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bcdedit</td><td>Configure properties in name database to control boot loading.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Cacls</td><td>Display or modify access control lists of files.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Call</td><td>Call a script or script label as a procedure.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>CD/Chdir</td><td>Display the name of or changes the current directory.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chcp</td><td>Display or set the active code page number.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Chkdsk</td><td>Check a disk for errors and display a report.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chkntfs</td><td>Display the status of volumes. Set or exclude volumes from automatic system checking during system boot.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Choice</td><td>Create a selection list from which users can select a choice in batch scripts.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cls</td><td>Clear the console window.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Cmd</td><td>Start a new instance of the Windows command shell.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Color</td><td>Set the colors of the command-shell window.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Comp</td><td>Compare the contents of two files or sets of files.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Compact</td><td>Display or modify the compression of files or sets of files.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Convert</td><td>Convert FAT volumes to NTFS.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Copy</td><td>Copy or combine files.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Date</td><td>Display or set the system date.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Del</td><td>Delete one or more files.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Dir</td><td>Display a list of files and subdirectories within a directory.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Diskcomp</td><td>Compare the contents of two floppy disks.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Diskcopy</td><td>Copy the contents of one floppy disk to another.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Diskpart</td><td>Invoke a text-mode command interpreter so that you can manage disks, partitions, and volumes using a separate command prompt and commands that are internal to Diskpart.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Doskey</td><td>Edit command lines, recall Windows commands, and create macros.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Driverquery</td><td>Display the current device driver properties and status.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Echo</td><td>Display messages, or turns command echoing on or off.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Endlocal</td><td>End localization of environment changes in a batch file.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Erase</td><td>See Del.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Exit</td><td>Exit the command interpreter.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Expand</td><td>Uncompress files.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FC</td><td>Compare two files and display the differences between them.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Find/Findstr</td><td>Search for a text string in files.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>For</td><td>Run a specified command for each file in a set of files.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Format</td><td>Format a floppy disk or hard drive.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fsutil</td><td>File system utility - displays and configures file system properties.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Ftp</td><td>Transfer files.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ftype</td><td>Display or modify file types used in file extension associations</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Goto</td><td>Direct the Windows command interpreter to a labeled line in a script.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Gpresult</td><td>Display Group Policy information for a machine or user.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Graftabl</td><td>Enable Windows to display extended character sets in graphics mode.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Help</td><td>Display Help information for Windows commands.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Hostname</td><td>Display the computer name.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ICACLS</td><td>Display, modify, backup, and restore ACLs for files and directories.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>IF</td><td>Perform conditional processing in batch programs.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ipconfig</td><td>Display TCP/IP configuration.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Label</td><td>Create, change, or delete the volume label of a disk.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Md/Mkdir</td><td>Create a directory or subdirectory.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Mklink</td><td>Create symbolic and hard links.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mode</td><td>Configure a system device.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>More</td><td>Display output one screen at a time.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mountvol</td><td>Manage a volume mount point.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Move</td><td>Move files from one directory to another directory on the same drive.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Openfiles</td><td>Display files opened by remote users for a file share.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Nbtstat</td><td>Display status of NetBIOS.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net Accounts</td><td>Manage user account and password policies.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Net Computer</td><td>Add or remove computers from a domain.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net Config Server</td><td>Display or modify configuration of Server service.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Net Config Workstation</td><td>Display or modify configuration of Workstation service.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net Continue</td><td>Resume a paused service.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Net File</td><td>Display or manage open files on a server.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net Group</td><td>Display or manage global groups.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Net Localgroup</td><td>Display or manage local group accounts.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net Pause</td><td>Suspend a service.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Net Print</td><td>Display or manage print jobs and shared queues.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net Session</td><td>List or disconnect sessions.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Net Share</td><td>Display or manage shared printers and directories.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net Start</td><td>List or start network services.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Net Statistics</td><td>Display workstation and server statistics.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net Stop</td><td>Stop services.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Net Time</td><td>Display or synchronize network time.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net Use</td><td>Display or manage remote connections.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Net User</td><td>Display or manage local user accounts.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Net View</td><td>Display network resources or computers.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Netsh</td><td>Invoke a separate command prompt that allows you to manage the configuration of various network services on local and remote computers.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Netstat</td><td>Display status of network connections.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Path</td><td>Display or set a search path for executable files in the current command window.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pathping</td><td>Trace routes and provides packet loss information.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Pause</td><td>Suspend processing of a script and wait for keyboard input.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ping</td><td>Determine if a network connection can be established.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Popd</td><td>Change to the directory stored by Pushd.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Print</td><td>Print a text file.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Prompt</td><td>Change the Windows command prompt.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pushd</td><td>Save the current directory then changes to a new directory.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Rd/Rmdir</td><td>Remove a directory.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Recover</td><td>Recover readable information from a bad or defective disk.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Reg Add</td><td>Add a new subkey or entry to the Registry.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Reg Compare</td><td>Compare Registry subkeys or entries.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Reg Copy</td><td>Copy a Registry entry to a specified key path on a local or remote system.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Reg Delete</td><td>Delete a subkey or entries from the Registry.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Reg Query</td><td>List the entries under a key and the names of subkeys (if any).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Reg Restore</td><td>Write saved subkeys and entries back to the Registry.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Reg Save</td><td>Save a copy of specified subkeys, entries, and values to a file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Regsvr32</td><td>Register and unregister DLLs.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Rem</td><td>Add comments to scripts.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ren</td><td>Rename a file.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Replace</td><td>Replace a file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Route</td><td>Manage network routing tables.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Rmdir</td><td>Remove a directory.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Set</td><td>Display or modify Windows environment variables. Also used to evaluate numeric expressions at the command line.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Setlocal</td><td>Begin localization of environment changes in a batch file.</td>
<tr>
<td>Sc</td><td>Display and configure background processes (services).</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Schtasks</td><td>Schedule commands and programs to run on a system.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sfc</td><td>Scans and verifies protected operating system files.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Shift</td><td>Shifts the position of replaceable parameters in scripts.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shutdown</td><td>Perform system shutdown.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Sort</td><td>Sort input.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Start</td><td>Start a new command-shell window to run a specified program or command.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Subst</td><td>Maps a path to a drive letter.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Systeminfo</td><td>Display machine properties and configuration.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Tasklist</td><td>Display currently running tasks and services.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Taskkill</td><td>Kill or stop a running process or application.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Time</td><td>Display or sets the system time.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Title</td><td>Sets the title for the command-shell window.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Tracert</td><td>Display the path between computers.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tree</td><td>Graphically displays the directory structure of a drive or path.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Type</td><td>Display the contents of a text file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ver</td><td>Display the Windows version.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Verify</td><td>Tells Windows whether to verify that your files are written correctly to a disk.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Vol</td><td>Display a disk volume label and serial number.</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#e9e9e6">
<td>Xcopy</td><td>Copy files and directories.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>WMI</td><td>Display WMI information.</td>
</tr>
</table>
