Ruby Strings - Creation and Basics
A string is a group of characters that typically make up human readable words or sentences. Because strings are essentially the mechanism by which applications communicate with their users it is inevitable that string manipulation is a key part of programming. In this chapter of Ruby Essentials we will cover the basics of working with strings in Ruby.
Creating Strings in Ruby
Strings are stored in Ruby using the String object. In addition to providing storage for strings, this object also contains a number of methods which can be used to manipulate strings.
A new string can be created using the new method of the String class:
myString = String.new => ""
The above method creates an empty string. Alternatively a new string may be created and initialized by passing through a string as an argument the new method:
myString = String.new("This is my string. Get your own string")
Another option is to use the String method provided by the Kernel:
myString = String("This is also my string")
But, perhaps the easiest way to create a string is to simply assign a string to a variable name. Ruby then takes care of the rest for you:
myString = "This is also my string"
As far as creating string objects goes that is as easy as it gets!
Quoting Ruby Strings
Strings can be delimited using either double quotes (") or single quotes ('). Whilst both serve the purpose of encapsulating a string they have different purposes. The double quotes are designed to interpret escaped characters such as new lines and tabs so that they appear as actual new lines and tabs when the string is rendered for the user. Single quotes, however, display the actual escape sequence, for example displaying \n instead of a new line.
The following example demonstrates the double quote in action:
myString = "This is also my string.\nGet your own string" puts myString This is also my string. Get your own string
As you can see, the \n got interpreted as a real new line causing our string to appear onm two lines when printed.
The single quote gives us a different result:
myString = 'This is also my string.\nGet your own string' puts myString This is also my string.\nGet your own string
In this case the '\n' is treated literally a '\' and an 'n' with no special meaning.
General Delimited Strings
Ruby allows you define any character you want as a string delimiter simply by prefixing the desired character with a %. For example, we could use the ampersand to delimit our string:
myString = %&This is my String&
This enables us to avoid quotes and double quotes embedded in a string being interpreted as delimiters:
myString = %&This is "my" String& puts myString This is "my" String
It is also possible to define delimiter pairs such as parentheses, braces or square brackets:
myString = %(This is my String)
myString = %[This is my String]
myString = %{This is my String}
Ruby also provide a few special delimited strings. %Q is the equivalent of double quote delimiters and %q is the equivalent of single quotes. %x is the equivalent of back-quote (`) delimited strings.
An easy way to embed quotes in a Ruby string is to escape them by preceding them with a backslash (\):
myString = "This is \"my\" String" myString = 'This is \'my\' String'
Another option, if you aren't using escape characters such as new lines (\n) is to use single quote to delimit a string containing double quotes and vice versa:
myString = 'This is "my" String' myString = "This is 'my' String"
